Major Rulers

Administration

Title	Description	Role
NAIB	Second only to Sultan;	Possessed all powers that the Sultan had
Diwani-Wizarat	Finance Dept. (head WAZIR)	2nd to NAIB
Diwani Ariz	Military Dept. (ARIZ-I-MUMAIK)	recruit/administer. Sultan is the C-in-C
Diwani Rasalat	Min. of Religious Affairs (chief SADR)	Grants → mosques, tombs, madrasas.
Diwani Insha	Dept. of Correspondence	b/w ruler & officials
Head Chief QUAZI	Judicial Department	CIVIL: Muslim: Sharia; Hindu: Own (Panchayats); CRIMINAL: rules & regulations by Sultan

Common Features

Land Division

• IQTA (given to officials as pay)
• KHALISA (of, for, by Sultan)
• INAM (granted to religious leaders/institutions)

High taxes

• one-third to one-half plus other taxes.
• HAND-TO-MOUTH.
• Frequent famines

Urbanization

• gained momentum
• Lahore, Multan, Baloch, Daulatabad, Delhi.
• Growth of trade & commerce to Persian Gulf and West Asia and South East Asia

Trade

• Overseas Trade Dominated by MULTANIS and AFGHAN Muslims;
• Inland Trade Dominated by Gujarati MARWARIS& Muslim BOHRA;

Infrastructure

• Roads, transportation good shapes;
• SARAIs - rest stops;
• Smooth transport & communication;

Textile

• Cotton Textile and Silk Industry Flourished;
• Introduction of Sericulture resulted in less imports of raw silk;
• Paper Industry grew; Extensive paper use from 14th-15th century;
• Crafts Flourished: Leather-Making, Metal-Crafts, and Carpet-Weaving.

Social Life

• No change in Hindu society;
• Traditional caste system;
• Women: Sati ,widow etc., introduced purdah system from Arabs/Turks (more in upper classes of north India)
• Muslim society: remained divided; Turks, Iranians, Afghans, Indian Muslims;
• Exclusivity; no-intermarriage;
• Hindu converts not respected;
• Muslim nobles had high positions in govt. but not Hindu nobles.
• Hindus were ZIMMIS (protected people) and had to pay JIZIYA (sometimes Brahmins were exempt)

Music

• New instruments: SARANGI and RABAB
• Amir Khusarau introduced new RAGAS - GHORA and SANAM.
• Evolved style of light music QWALIS - blend of Hindu & Iranian systems.
• Invention of Sitar
• Raja Man Sigh of Gwalior: music lover; Encouraged composition of great musical called MAN KAUTUHAL
• RAGADARPAN was translated to Persian during Firoz Tughlaq
• Pir Bhodan, Sufi saint

Literature

• Patrons of learning and literature
• Love for Arabic and Persian literature.
• Encouraged learned men coming from Persia, Persian language.
• Focused on Theology, Poetry, and History.
• Sanskrit & Persian functioned as link languages in Delhi Sultanate
• Amir Khusarau: Persian; Poems; Persian & Hindi
• SABAQ-I-HIND his Indian Style of poetry; KHazain-ul-Futuh
• Regional languages developed Hindi, Bengali, Gujarati, Marathi, Telugu, Kannada
• Arabic: ALBERUNI Kitab-ul-Hind.; ZIA NAKSHABI Translator
• Court historians: HASAN NIZAMI, MINHAJ-US-SIRAJ(Tabaqat-i-Nasari history of dynasties upto 1260), ZIAUDDIN-BARANI (Tarikh-i-Firoz Shahi).

BHAKTI MOVEMENT

• Began 7th and 8th centuries
• SAIVAITE Nayanmars and VASHNAVITE Alwars;
• flourished under Pallavas, Cholas and Pandyas.
• Medieval Bhakti Movement direct result of influence of spread of Islam in India
• Islam Characteristics: Monotheism, Equality and Brotherhood of man, Rejection of rituals and class divisions
• Shaped thinking of Bhakti Reformers like RAMANANDA, KABIR, and NANAK

Importance:

• used vernacular, growth of languages, appeal to masses;
• condemnation of class system.
• Women (equal importance)
• Charity; service to fellow man
• Condemned polytheism;
• Denounced all forms of idolatry;
• Simple religion without complicated rituals which required only sincere devotion to the God.

SANKARA (9th Century)

• ADVAITA: Monism too abstract for laymen
• Conceptualized NIRGUNBRAHMAN (God w/o attributes) reaction by SAGUNBRAHMAN (God with attributes)

RAMANUJA (12th Century)

• VISHISHTA-ADVAITA: Sagunbrahaman God
• Creative process, all objects in creation: real not illusory (as held by Sankaracharya)
• God, Soul, Matter are real

MADHAVA (13th Century)

• DVAITA (Dualism - Jivatama & Paramatama)
• World is not an illusion but a reality. God, soul, matter are unique;

VAISHNAVITE

• NIMBARKA
• VALLABHACHARYA (Telungana)
• SURDAS (Disciple of Vallabhacharya)
• MIRABAI (popular in Rajasthan) Popularised Krishna;

RAMANANDA

• Born Allahabad
• Follower of RAMANUJA; Ram-Worshipper
• Formed his sect preached in Hindi at Banaras and Agra.
• First to employ vernacular.
• Simplification of Worship and Emancipation of People from Traditional Caste Rules.
• Disciples: KABIR (muslim weaver); RAIDASA (cobbler); SENA (barber); SADHANA (butcher); DHANNA (Jat Farmer); NARAHARAI (goldsmith); PIPA (Rajput prince)

KABIR

• Banaras; Brahmin Widow; raised by Muslim Couple
• Learnt HINDUISM at Benaras, Islamic teachings
• RAMANANDA initiated into higher knowledge (Hindu & Muslim)
• Reconcile Hindu/Muslim; Harmony;
• Denounce idolatry; rituals;
• Equality of man before god (As pots of the same clay)
• Followers: KABIRPANTHIS;
• Disciples: GURU NANAK

GURU NANAK

• Talwandi near Lahore
• Denounced caste, rituals
• Religious Philosophy: highly practical, sternly ethical
• Give up falsehood, selfishness, hypocrisy; lead a life of truth, honesty & kindness. UNITY/HARMONY…

TULSIDAS

• worshipped Ram, RAMACHARITMANAS (Hindi Ramayana)

CHAITANYA

• Bengal; KRISHNA; Universal Brotherhood; Love & Peace;

TUKARAM

• Maharashtra; Sivaji contemporary; MARATHA Nationalism

GNANADEVA

• Maharashtra; Wrote commentary of Bhagavat Gita called GNANESWARI