Constitutional Developments
1773 REGULATING ACT
▶ Act of Settlement
▶ Foundation of Central Administration in India
▶ ESTABLISHED Court of Directors
▶ ESTABLISHED Governor General of Bengal (v/s Governor of Bengal)
▶ ESTABLISHED GG's Council - 4
▶ Madras & Bombay subordinate
▶ 1774 Supreme Court at Calcutta (CJ+3)
▶ WARREN HASTINGS
1784 PITTS INDIA ACT
▶ Double Government
▶ ESTABLISHED Board of Control (Political Matters) - 6 members
▶ REDUCED GG's Council 3 - (v/s 4)
▶ Policy of Non-Intervention
1793 CHARTER ACT
▶ Trade Monopoly extended for 20 years to EIC
1813 CHARTER ACT
▶ EIC Trade Monopoly abolished
▶ Powers of Councils (Madras, Bombay, Calcutta) Increased
▶ All regulations by Councils to be placed before Parliament
1833 CHARTER ACT
▶ Liberal Utilitarian philosophy of Bentham
▶ ESTABLISHED Governor General of India (v/s Governor General of Bengal)
▶ ESTABLISHED Government of India & Indian Council
▶ Law Member added to GG's Council → MACAULAY
▶ EIC Commercial Body → Administrative Body
▶ Laws made Regulations → Acts
▶ WILLILAM BENTICK
1853 CHARTER ACT
▶ SEPARATED of Legislative & Executive functions of GG's Council
▶ ICS → Competitive Examination
▶ British Parliament can give administration of India to the Crown
▶ INCREASED Legislative Council - 6 (4 from Bengal, Bombay, Madras, Agra)
1858 GOVERNMENT OF INDIA ACT
▶ Act for Good Government of India
▶ ABOLISHED EIC → British Crown
▶ ABOLISHED Board of Directors and Board of Control
▶ ESTABLISHED Secretary of State for India → Indian Council of 15
▶ Secretary bound by Council (for services & economic affairs), rest discretionary
▶ ESTABLISHED Viceroy of India
▶ CANNING
1861 INDIAN COUNCILS ACT
▶ INCREASED Executive Council - 5 (v/s 4)
▶ First Introduction of Representative institutions in India
▶ Indians can be nominated to Expanded Legislative Council
▶ Decentralized Legislation → Governments of Bombay & Madras
▶ Statutory Recognition to Portfolio System
1892 INDIAN COUNCILS ACT
▶ INCREASED Additional Members to GG's Council
▶ Legislative Councils can now DISCUSS Budget
1909 INDIAN COUNCILS ACT
▶ Morley Minto Reforms
▶ INCREASED Legislative Council (both Center & Provincial)
▶ Central Legislative Council - 60
▶ SATYENDRA PRASAD SINHA → First Indian in Executive Council
▶ Center: Official Majority
▶ Provinces:
▶ Separate Representation of Muslims
▶ ENHANCED Powers of Legislative Councils (can vote on some items)
▶ Legalized Communalism
1919 GOVERNMENT OF INDIA ACT
▶ Montague-Chelmsford Reforms
▶ ESTABLISHED Dyarchy at Provinces (Transferred & Reserved)
▶ SEPARATED Central & Provincial Subjects
▶ ESTABLISHED Bicameral Central Legislature
▶ Council of States - 60 members (34 elected) *NO VOTING RIGHTS*
▶ Legislative Assembly ~ 144 members (104 elected) *CAN VOTE*
▶ GG can nominate as many members as he wished to Executive Council
▶ High Commissioner for India at London
1935 GOVERNMENT OF INDIA ACT
▶ Federal Government prescribed
▶ Federal, Provincial, and Concurrent Lists
▶ ABOLISHED Provincial Dyarchy → Provincial Autonomy
▶ ESTABLISHED Dyarchy at Center
▶ ESTABLISHED Bicameralism in 6/11 provinces
▶ Bombay, Bengal, Madras, Bihar, Assam, UP had bicameralism
▶ Federal Court ad Delhi with CJI and 6 judges
1947 INDIAN INDEPENDENCE ACT
▶ Declared India independent & sovereign state
▶ Two independent dominions - India & Pakistan
▶ ABOLISHED Secretary of State for India → Secretary of State of Commonwealth Affairs
▶ ABOLISHED Office of Viceroy → King Appointed Governor-General for each dominion
▶ Dual Function to Constituent Assembly → Constitutional & Legislative
▶ MOUNTBATTEN
Sources of Indian Constitution
GOI ACT 1935
▶ Federal Scheme
▶ Office of Governor
▶ Judiciary
▶ Public Service Commission
▶ Emergency Provisions
▶ Administrative Details
BRITISH CONSTITUTION
▶ Parliamentary Form
▶ Bicameralism
▶ Single Citizenship
▶ Rule of Law
▶ Institution of Speaker
▶ Legislative Procedures
UNITED STATES CONSTITUTION
▶ Fundamental Rights
▶ Federal Structure
▶ Judicial Review
▶ Independent Judiciary
▶ President as Commander-in-Chief
IRISH CONSTITUTION
▶ Directive Principles
▶ Nominated Members to RS
▶ Method of Election of President
FRENCH CONSTITUTION
▶ Liberty, Equality, Fraternity
CANADIAN CONSTITUTION
▶ Quasi-Federal Form
▶ Residual Powers to Center
AUSTRALIAN CONSTITUTION
▶ Freedom of Trade and Commerce
▶ National Legislature can make laws for Treaties
MALAYSIAN CONSTITUTION
▶ Concurrent List
JAPANESE CONSTITUTION
▶ Fundamental Duties
WEIMAR CONSTITUTION
▶ Emergency Provisions